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Although for many decades, it was customary to focus on GDP and other measures of national income, there has been growing interest in developing broad measures of economic well-being. National and international approaches include the (Beyond GDP ) programme developed by the European Union, the Better Lives Compendium of Indicators developed by the OECD, as well as many alternative metrics of wellbeing or happiness. One of the earliest attempts to develop such an index at national level was Bhutan's Gross National Happiness Index and there are a now a number of similar projects ongoing around the world, including a project to develop for the UK an assessment of national well-being, commissioned by the Prime Minister David Cameron and led by the Office for National Statistics. Historically, the impetus for this work can be found in economic arguments that stress GDP is not a good measure of human wellbeing or welfare and concerns from environmentalists and others about the fact that environmental costs were typically not properly reflected in national income accounts. In 2011, there is a converging recognition that a mix of objective and subjective indicators are helpful in understanding the extent to which societies are evolving in ways that are desirable. Typically, there is a growing recognition that multiple dimensions are important, that the creation of a single number indexation may be less valuable than the development of a dashboard of indicators, that subjective wellbeing (life satisfaction) and domain satisfactions may also be valuable and that fairness in economic activity is of importance to many in society. == Beyond GDP== In 2007, the European Commission, the European Parliament, Club of Rome, OECD and WWF hosted a conference titled "Beyond GDP". The consensus was to widen measures of economic growth and come up with measures that can inform policy making. The conference was attended by over 650 policy makers, experts and social activists. Spurred by its success the European Union released a communication titled ''GDP and beyond: Measuring progress in a changing world'' that identified five actions to improve the indicators of progress in ways that make it more responsive to the concerns of its citizens: * Complementing GDP with highly aggregated environmental and social indicators * Near real-time information for decision-making * More accurate reporting on distribution and inequalities * Developing a European sustainable development scoreboard * Extending national accounts to environmental and social issues.〔 Following this communication and its adoption by the European Parliament in June 2008, many European governments and policy makers have started work on developing new measures of economic development. In August 2013, the European Commission published the (''Staff Working Document on "Progress on 'GDP and beyond' actions"'' ) , in which reviews what had been achieved on the five steps identified in the communication GDP and beyond: Measuring progress in a changing world. Some of the most significant actions taken include: * The (European Statistical System ) adopted the first set of indicators on ‘quality of life and well-being’ and it also decided for the (EU-SILC (EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) ) to be the core instrument for building up such indicators. * The time taken to publish key environmental indicators such as greenhouse gas emissions has been shortened by as much as eight months by using advanced statistical methods to arrive at so-called ‘early estimates’, which have proven to be sufficiently accurate to inform policy decisions. Since 2012, Eurostat has produced ‘early estimates’ — within four months — for (CO2 emissions from energy use ). * A consensus has not been reached on the EU Sustainable Development Scoreboard. However, a preliminary scoreboard of (resource efficiency indicators (REI) ) is currently being tested and discussed. * The EU actively supported the finalisation and adoption by the (United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) ) of the (System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA) ) as the international statistical standard. * Since 2010, European statistics have been published on ‘annual adjusted disposable income in purchasing power standards’ and the quarterly ‘real disposable income of households’. * Summary indices on poverty and human development have been calculated for all 277 European regions. In addition, the European Commission provides a list of different indicators that can be categorised into five categories : * GDP and other macro-economic indicators - provided by the (System of National Accounts (SNA) ). * Enlarged GDP measures - include costs such as expense of environmental degradation, resource depletion or higher income inequality. They provide a more accurate indication of a country's actual economic, environmental and social performance. * Social indicators – combine several aspects of social progress. * Environmental indicators – relate to the environmental development and linked issues such as human health. * Well-being – include both subjective and objective measures to report on quality of life and life satisfaction. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Broad measures of economic progress」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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